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For example, for an iron with 0.10% Sulfur, the optimum range for Manganese would be 0.47% to 0.67%. However, low levels too close to this 1.7 “balanced ratio” tend to promote high and more erratic hardness and/or carbides.Ĭonsequently, for most applications the optimum operating level for manganese appears to be about (1.7 x % Sulfur), + 0.3% to 0.5%. In contrast to the traditional view of these elemental effects noted herein, work in the 1980’s confirms that in many cases manganese levels beyond that amount combined with sulfur (about 1.7 times the sulfur level) tend to reduce strength and hardness via promotion of more ferrite. This is the matter of manganese and sulfur effects. While this brief technical paper, originally presented in 1969, is still one of the best summaries of gray iron metallurgy and properties, we call your attention to one item on which recent research and foundry experience has shed more light. To: All readers of report on Gray Iron by D.E Krause KEY WORDS: gray iron castings, casting design, foundry methods, ductile iron castings, malleable iron castings, metals, tests, evaluation Although the relationship between Brinell hardness and tensile strength for gray iron is not constant, data are shown which will allow use of the Brinell hardness test to estimate the minimum tensile strength of the iron in a casting. An unnecessary increase in strength and hardness may increase the cost of the casting as well as increase the cost of machining through lower machining rates. By subsequent heat treatment, the hardness can be increased to H g should be carefully reviewed before specifying a higher strength and hardness grade of iron.
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By suitable adjustment in composition and selection of casting method, tensile strength can be varied from less than 20,000 psi to over 60,000 psi and hardness from 100 to 300 BHN in the as-cast condition. The low degree or absence of shrinkage and high fluidity provide maximum freedom of design for the engineer. The high carbon content is responsible for ease of melting and casting in the foundry and for ease of machining in subsequent manufacturing.
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3-28.ĪBSTRACT: Gray iron is the most versatile of all foundry metals. E., “Gray Iron-A Unique Engineering Material” Gray, Ductile, and Malleable Iron Castings-Current Capabilities, ASTM STP 455, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1969, pp.