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'Philanthropist' redirects here. For other uses, see. Philanthropy means the of. A conventional modern definition is 'private initiatives, for the, focusing on ', which combines an original humanistic tradition with a aspect developed in the 20th century. The definition also serves to contrast philanthropy with business endeavors, which are private initiatives for private good, e.g., focusing on material gain, and with government endeavors, which are public initiatives for public good, e.g., focusing on provision of public services. A person who practices philanthropy is called a.
Philanthropy has distinguishing characteristics separate from; not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa, though there is a recognized degree of overlap in practice. A difference commonly cited is that charity aims to relieve the pain of a particular social problem, whereas philanthropy attempts to address the root cause of the problem—the difference between the proverbial gift of a fish to a hungry person, versus teaching them how to fish. The Foundling Hospital. The building has been demolished.
In London prior to the 18th century, parochial and civic charities were typically established by bequests and operated by local church parishes (such as ) or (such as the. During the 18th century, however, 'a more activist and explicitly tradition of direct charitable engagement during life' took hold, exemplified by the creation of the. In 1739, appalled by the number of abandoned children living on the streets of London, received a royal charter to establish the to look after these unwanted orphans in Lamb's Conduit Fields,.
This was 'the first children's charity in the country, and one that 'set the pattern for incorporated associational charities' in general.' The hospital 'marked the first great milestone in the creation of these new-style charities.' , another notable philanthropist of the era, established in 1756 as the first seafarer's charity, in a bid to aid the recruitment of men to the. By 1763, the society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the to rehabilitate prostitutes. These organizations were funded by subscription and run as voluntary associations.
They raised public awareness of their activities through the emerging popular press and were generally held in high social regard—some charities received state recognition in the form of the. 19th century Philanthropists, such as, began to adopt active campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause and lobby the government for legislative change. This included organized campaigns against the ill treatment of animals and children and the campaign that succeeded in ending the throughout the Empire starting in 1807. Although there were no slaves allowed in Britain itself, many rich men owned sugar plantations in the West Indies, and resisted the movement to buy them out until it finally succeeded in 1833. Financial donations to organized charities became fashionable among the middle-class in the 19th century. By 1869 there were over 200 London charities with an annual income, all together, of about £2 million. By 1885, rapid growth had produced over 1000 London charities, with an income of about £4.5 million.
They included a wide range of religious and secular goals, with the American import, the (Young Men's Christian Association) as one of the largest, and many small ones such as the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association. In addition to making annual donations, increasingly wealthy industrialists and financiers left generous sums in their wills. A sample of 466 wills in the 1890s revealed a total wealth of £76 million, of which £20 million was bequeathed to charities.
By 1900 London charities enjoyed an annual income of about £8.5 million. Led by the energetic (1801–1885), philanthropists organized themselves. In 1869 they set up the. It was a federation of district committees, one in each of the 42 Poor Law divisions. Its central office had experts in coordination and guidance, thereby maximizing the impact of charitable giving to the poor.
Many of the charities were designed to alleviate the harsh living conditions in the slums. Such as the founded in 1830. This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for 'cottage husbandry' that later became the allotment movement, and in 1844 it became the first —an organization that sought to improve the housing conditions of the working classes by building new homes for them, while at the same time receiving a competitive rate of return on any investment. This was one of the first, a philanthropic endeavor that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century, brought about by the growth of the. Later associations included the, and the.
The principle of philanthropic intention with capitalist return was given the label 'five per cent philanthropy.' Switzerland. Main article: The first corporation founded in the was (1636), designed primarily to train young men for the clergy.
A leading theorist was the Puritan theologian (1662–1728), who in 1710 published a widely read essay, Bonifacius, or an Essay to Do Good. Mather worried that the original idealism had eroded, so he advocated philanthropic benefaction as a way of life. Though his context was Christian, his idea was also characteristically American and explicitly Classical, on the threshold of the Enlightenment.
(1706–1790) was an activist and theorist of American philanthropy. He was much influenced by 's An Essay upon Projects (1697) and 's Bonifacius: an essay upon the good. Franklin attempted to motivate his fellow Philadelphians into projects for the betterment of the city: examples included the (the first American subscription library), the fire department, the police force, street lighting and a hospital. A world-class physicist himself, he promoted scientific organizations including the Philadelphia Academy (1751) – which became the – as well as the (1743) to enable scientific researchers from all 13 colonies to communicate.
By the 1820s, newly rich American businessmen were initiating philanthropic work, especially with respect to private colleges and hospitals. (1795–1869) is the acknowledged father of modern philanthropy. A financier based in Baltimore and London, in the 1860s he began to endow libraries and museums in the United States, and also funded housing for poor people in London. His activities became the model for Andrew Carnegie and many others. 's philanthropy. Magazine cartoon by, 1903 Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919) was the most influential leader of philanthropy on a national (rather than local) scale.
After selling his steel corporation in the 1890s he devoted himself to establishing philanthropic organizations, and making direct contributions to many educational cultural and research institutions. His final and largest project was the, founded in 1911 with a $25 million endowment, later enlarged to $135 million.
In all, Carnegie gave away 90% of his fortune. Rockefeller. Rockefeller in 1885 Other prominent American philanthropists of the early 20th century included, (1862–1932) and (1828–1918). Rockefeller (1839–1937) retired from business in the 1890s; he and his son (1874–1960) made large-scale national philanthropy systematic, especially with regard to the study and application of modern medicine, higher, education and scientific research. Of the $530 million the elder Rockefeller gave away, $450 million went to medicine. Their leading advisor launched several very large philanthropic projects staffed by experts who sought to address problems systematically at the roots rather than let the recipients deal only with their immediate concerns.
By 1920, the was opening offices in Europe. It launched medical and scientific projects in Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere. It supported the health projects of the League of Nations. By the 1950s the Rockefeller Foundation was investing heavily in the, especially the work by that enabled India, Mexico and many poor countries to dramatically upgrade their agricultural productivity. Ford Foundation.
Main article: With the acquisition of most of the stock of the Ford Motor Company the late 1940s, the Ford Foundation became the largest American philanthropy, splitting its activities between the United States, and the rest of the world. Outside the United States, it established a network of human rights organizations, promoted democracy, gave large numbers of fellowships for young leaders to study in the United States, and invested heavily in the, whereby poor nations dramatically increased their output of rice, wheat and other foods. Both Ford and Rockefeller were heavily involved.
Ford also gave heavily to build up research universities in Europe and worldwide. For example, in Italy in 1950 it sent a team to help the Italian ministry of education reform the nations school system, based on the principles of ‘meritocracy' (rather than political or family patronage), democratisation (with universal access to secondary schools). It reached a compromise between the Christian Democrats and the Socialists, to help promote uniform treatment and equal outcomes. The success in Italy became a model for Ford programs and many other nations. The Ford Foundation in the 1950s wanted to modernize the legal systems in India and Africa, by promoting the American model. The plan failed, because of India's unique legal history, traditions, and profession, as well as its economic and political conditions.
Ford therefore turned to agricultural reform. The success rate in Africa was no better, and that program closed in 1977. Oceania Australia Philanthropy in Australia is influenced by the country's regulatory and cultural history, and by its geography. Structured giving through foundations is slowly growing, although public data on the philanthropic sector is sparse. There is no public registry of philanthropic foundations as distinct from charities more generally. The sector is represented by Philanthropy Australia, the peak membership body for grant-making trusts and foundations.
Two foundation types for which some data is available are Private Ancillary Funds (PAFs) and Public Ancillary Funds (PubAFs). Recent national research supported by the Prime Minister's Community Business Partnership examined giving in Australia, one decade on from the first national study. Giving Australia 2016 provides comprehensive, up-to-date information from individuals, charitable organisations, philanthropists and businesses in Australia about giving and volunteering behaviours, approaches and trends. New Zealand Philanthropy New Zealand is the peak membership body supporting and representing philanthropy and grantmaking in Aotearoa New Zealand. See also. References.
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